Longevity genes, often called “longevity-associated genes” or “longevity-related genes,” are specific genes associated with an increased likelihood of living longer or a reduced risk of age-related diseases. These genes play a role in various biological processes and pathways influencing aging and longevity. It’s important to note that genetics is just one factor contributing to lifespan, and environmental and lifestyle factors also play significant roles.
To recap, Longevity refers to the length of an individual’s lifespan or the duration of life. It measures how long a person lives, typically expressed in years. Longevity is an essential aspect of human biology, demography, and public health, and it has been a subject of interest and study for centuries.
Here are some of the well-known longevity-related genes:
APOE: The APOE gene encodes apolipoprotein E, a protein involved in lipid metabolism. Certain variants of the APOE gene, such as APOE2 and APOE3, are associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease and improved cognitive function in older adults. However, the APOE4 variant is linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
FOXO3: The FOXO3 gene codes for a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in stress resistance, DNA repair, and insulin signaling. Variants of this gene have been associated with longevity in several human populations.
SIRT1: SIRT1 is a gene that encodes a protein called sirtuin 1, which regulates cellular processes related to aging, metabolism, and DNA repair. SIRT1 is associated with longevity in some studies.
KLOTHO: The KLOTHO gene is named after the mythological Greek goddess Klotho, who spun the thread of life. Variants of this gene have been associated with extended lifespan and a reduced risk of age-related diseases.
MTHFR: The MTHFR gene is involved in the metabolism of folate, a B vitamin. Certain MTHFR gene variants have been linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and improved longevity.
IGF-1: The IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) gene is part of the growth hormone pathway and influences growth and development. Some research suggests that lower levels of IGF-1 may be associated with increased lifespan in certain populations.
BRCA1 and BRCA2: Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are well-known for their associations with hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. However, some studies have suggested that individuals with certain BRCA mutations may have a longer lifespan.
DRD4: The DRD4 gene codes for a dopamine receptor. Some variants of DRD4 have been linked to longevity in specific populations.
TOMM40: Variants of the TOMM40 gene, which is involved in mitochondrial function, have been associated with differences in aging and cognitive decline.
TP53: The TP53 gene codes for a tumor suppressor protein that plays a role in preventing the growth of abnormal cells. Some variants of TP53 have been associated with increased lifespan.
NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that regulates antioxidant responses. Variants in NRF2-regulated genes have been associated with longevity and a reduced risk of age-related diseases.
NAD-Dependent Deacetylases (SIRTs): Other sirtuin genes, such as SIRT3, SIRT6, and SIRT7, are involved in various cellular processes related to aging and have been linked to longevity.
It’s important to emphasize that genetics is just one piece of the puzzle regarding longevity. Lifestyle factors, environmental influences, access to healthcare, and socioeconomic factors also play critical roles in determining how long a person lives and the quality of their later years. Genetic associations with longevity can also vary among different populations and are subject to ongoing research and discovery. Furthermore, we know many pieces of the puzzle, but we are still researching how they all come together.
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